Transparency of Information on the Water Basin Committees Plenums in the Sao Paulo Macrometropolis, Brazil

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# Transparency of Information on the Water Basin Committees Plenums in the Sao Paulo Macrometropolis, Brazil

### Beatriz Milz & Pedro Roberto Jacobi

## The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant numbers: 2018/23771-6 and 2015/03804-9

## Presentation available in: https://macroamb-isaconf2021.netlify.app/

### February 2021

---
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## Before we start...

.pull-left[

The presentation is open and online, with a lot of interesting links:

[
<img src="img/share-card.png" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 .center[Click here!]
](https://macroamb-isaconf2021.netlify.app/)

]

.pull-right[

The code is available on GitHub:

[
<img src="img/github.jpeg" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
 .center[Click here!]
](https://github.com/beatrizmilz/IV_ISA_2021)

]

.center[**Work in progress!** ]

---
class:

## Authors

.pull-left[

__Beatriz Milz__

Doctorate Student in Environmental Sciences

]

.pull-right[

__Pedro Roberto Jacobi__

Senior Professor

]

.center[**Institute of Energy and Environment - University of São Paulo**]
---
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.bg-washed-blue.b--dark-blue.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[
Thematic Project supported by The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP):

__Environmental governance of the São Paulo Macrometropolis in face of climate variability__ (MacroAmb)

.tr[
Grant number:	15/03804-9 
]]

- Read more: [FAPESP](https://bv.fapesp.br/en/auxilios/97000/environmental-governance-of-macrometropolis-paulista-in-face-of-climate-variability/), [Website](http://pesquisa.ufabc.edu.br/macroamb/), [Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXV-E1w76AjukSgWQ7FGkYA/videos).

- IV ISA CONF:
.smaller[
- Sessions organized: 288 - Science, Public Policy and Adaptation to Climate Change; and 293 - Metropolis and the Environment: Conflicts, Challenges, Opportunities

- Presentations: 282.2 Inequality and Adaptation to Climate Change in São Paulo Macrometropolis: An Environmental Justice Approach; and 286.1 - Transparency of Information on the Water Basin Committees Plenums in the Sao Paulo Macrometropolis, Brazil. 
]

---

# Sao Paulo Macrometropolis

???

- The Sao Paulo Macrometropolis (SPMM) is the most important urban agglomeration in Brazil and includes more than 170
municipalities (including the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region) and more than 33,6 million inhabitants.

- Região de maior influência econômica.

- Mais de 170 municípios (abrangendo a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo)

- Mais de 33 milhões de habitantes (em 2018) ([EMPLASA, 2019](https://emplasa.sp.gov.br/MMP))

- Maior aglomeração urbana do Brasil ([DAEE, 2013](http://www.daee.sp.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1112:plano-diretor-de-aproveitamento-dos-recursos-hidricos-para-a-macrometropole-paulista); [TAVARES, 2018](https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0250-71612018000300115))

---

## 2013 - 2015

### Water Crisis affected the SPMM

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="img/g1-seca.jpg" alt="Source: &lt;a href='http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2014/09/sistema-cantareira-atinge-81-menor-indice-ja-registrado-em-sp.html'&gt; G1, 2014.&lt;/a&gt; Description: Photo of the drought in the reservouir Jaguari-Jacareí." width="60%" />
Source: <a href='http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2014/09/sistema-cantareira-atinge-81-menor-indice-ja-registrado-em-sp.html'> G1, 2014.</a> Description: Photo of the drought in the reservouir Jaguari-Jacareí.
</div>

???

- Recently (2014-2015) the SPMM faced a severe water crisis.

- 2013 - 2015: Crise hídrica afetou a Macrometrópole de São Paulo ([Jacobi; Cibim; Leão, 2015](http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-40142015000200027))

- Falta de transparência de informações sobre a gestão da água ([Empinotti; Jacobi; Fracalanza, 2016](https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-40142016000300063))

---
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### Water Resource Management Units

- There are eight Water Resource Management Units (WRMU)
completely or partially in the area of the SPMM:

???

- This region presents complexity of water resources
management, and there are eight Water Resource Management Units (UGRHI) completely or partially in the area of the SPMM.

- Política Estadual de Recursos Hídricos ([Estado de São Paulo, 1991](https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/lei/1991/lei-7663-30.12.1991.html)):

- Divide o Estado de São Paulo em 22 Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 
 
 - Oito UGRHIs estão parcial ou completamente na área da Macrometrópole Paulista:

- Cada UGRHI tem o seu correspondente Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica.

---
 
### Water Basin Committees

<div class="figure" style="text-align: center">
<img src="img/comite2.jpg" alt="Source: Ilustration by &lt;a href='https://www.ana.gov.br/aguas-no-brasil/sistema-de-gerenciamento-de-recursos-hidricos/comites-de-bacia-hidrografica'&gt;Hamilton Rangel&lt;/a&gt;." width="50%" />
Source: Ilustration by <a href='https://www.ana.gov.br/aguas-no-brasil/sistema-de-gerenciamento-de-recursos-hidricos/comites-de-bacia-hidrografica'>Hamilton Rangel</a>.
</div>

???

- The National Water Law in Brazil was created in 1997, incorporating modern water resources management principles and creating the “Water basin committees”, which incorporate civil society actors on decision making.

- The transparency of information on water resources management are one of the fundamental conditions for achieving good water governance, along with promoting participation, inclusion, accountability, predictability and responsiveness.

- Comitês de bacia hidrográfica
  - Grupos de gestão compostos por representantes: ([ANA, 20--](https://www.ana.gov.br/aguas-no-brasil/sistema-de-gerenciamento-de-recursos-hidricos/comites-de-bacia-hidrografica/comite-de-bacia-hidrografica))
      - Poder público estadual, municipal
      - Usuários da água
      - Sociedade civil
      
  - Diversas competências, como: ([BRASIL, 1997](http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L9433.htm))
      - promover o debate das questões relacionadas a recursos hídricos; 
      - arbitrar os conflitos relacionados aos recursos hídricos;
      - aprovar e acompanhar a execução do Plano de Recursos Hídricos da bacia;
      - entre outros.
      
- Os Comitês se reunem em reuniões para discutir e tomar decisões.

- As atas de reunião são registros escritos sobre os acontecimentos e assuntos debatidos durante as reuniões dos Comitês.

-  As reuniões dos Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas devem ser públicas ([Estado de São Paulo, 1991](https://www.al.sp.gov.br/repositorio/legislacao/lei/1991/lei-7663-30.12.1991.html)).

---
class: middle

### SigRH

- Portal SigRH - Integrated System
of Water Resources Management of the State of Sao Paulo.

<img src="img/sigrh.PNG" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
Website: http://www.sigrh.sp.gov.br/

???

- SigRH - Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos do Estado de São Paulo

- Disponibiliza informações sobre a gestão de recursos hídricos no estado de São Paulo publicamente em seu website: http://www.sigrh.sp.gov.br .
  
  - Possui informações das UGRHIs, e seu correspondente Comitê de Bacia.

---
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# Objective

We aim to evaluate whether the plenum’s minutes of the Water Basin Committees that are part of the SPMM are made available publicly on the Portal SigRH - Integrated System of Water Resources Management of the State of Sao Paulo.

---
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# Materials and Methods

- [R programming language](https://www.r-project.org/) <a href='https://www.r-project.org/'></a>

- Integrated Development Environemnt (IDE): [RStudio](https://rstudio.com/)
 
<img src="img/rstudio-r.jpg" width="30%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

- Several R packages to perform the collection, cleaning, analysis, visualization and communication of the data.

- `rvest`, `purrr`, `dplyr`, `tibble`, `stringr`, `magrittr`, `glue`, `ggplot2` , `tidyr`, `readr` (which are part of the `tidyverse`), `httr`, `sf`, `ggspatial`, `patchwork`, `tidytext`, `readtext`, `xml2`, `rvest`.

---
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# Materials and Methods

- An R package is being developed: [ComitesBaciaSP](https://beatrizmilz.github.io/ComitesBaciaSP/).

- Functions are already available to scrape data from plenums minutes and list of participants in the WBC.

<img src="img/pacote-comite.png" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---

### Website

Website: http://www.sigrh.sp.gov.br/cbhpcj/atas

---
class: hide_logo

### Website (HTML) -> Web Scraping -> Table

---
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# Materials and Methods

.smaller[

1) __Data collection__: Web Scraping using package [`ComitesBaciaSP`](https://beatrizmilz.github.io/ComitesBaciaSP/) - December 8th 2020.

2) Downloaded the html pages in order to have a backup.

3) Every file in the dataset (total of 930) was tested in order to see if the file was available.

4) Downloaded all the files available for the plenums minutes.

5) Filtered the dataset in order to have 1 file of minute per plenum. Examples:

- There were plenums that had duplicate files for minutes. Removed the duplicates.
  
  - There were files with wrong date of the plenum in the website. Checked and corrected in the dataset.
  
  - There were minutes available as images.

6) Read the files for the minutes in the resulted dataset (656 files), into a new dataset with a column with the content of the minute, and also an id for each plenum. (Some word files had problems, and were converted to PDF outside R in order to be able to import the content)

7) Data was categorized: before (2008 - 2012), during (2013 - 2015) and after the water crisis (2016 - 2020).

8) Using text mining methods ([SILGE & ROBINSON, 2017](https://www.tidytextmining.com/)), constructed vizualizations of the frequency of bigrams in this 3 periods for each WBC.

]

---
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# Preliminary Results

- _Non-Discriminatory_ [(TAUBERER, 2014)*](https://opengovdata.io/2014/8-principles/): "Data are available to anyone, with no requirement of registration."

- _Complete_ [(TAUBERER, 2014)*](https://opengovdata.io/2014/8-principles/): "All public data are made available."
   - The marjority of the links to the plenums minutes available was working.
   - Paraíba do Sul: this WBC did not made any plenums minutes available.
   - Sorocaba e Médio Tietê: there are period gaps.

* Principles of Open Government Data

---
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# Preliminary Results

.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[AT]

<img src="img_results/Alto_Tiete.png" width="4800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.panel[.panel-name[BS]

<img src="img_results/Baixada_Santista.png" width="4800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.panel[.panel-name[LN]

<img src="img_results/Litoral_Norte.png" width="4800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.panel[.panel-name[Mogi]

<img src="img_results/Mogi-Guacu.png" width="4800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.panel[.panel-name[PCJ]

<img src="img_results/Piracicaba__Capivari__Jundiai.png" width="4800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.panel[.panel-name[PS]

.bg-washed-red.b--dark-red.ba.bw2.br3.shadow-5.ph4.mt5[

Water Basin Committee Paraíba do Sul

__NOTHING AVAILABLE__

.tr[
Data collected in Dec 08th 2020
]]

]

.panel[.panel-name[RB]

<img src="img_results/Ribeira_do_Iguape_e_Litoral_Sul.png" width="4800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

.panel[.panel-name[SMT]

<img src="img_results/Sorocaba_e_Medio_Tiete.png" width="4800" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
]

]

---
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## Preliminary conclusions

- Data from the plemuns minutes need to be more complete.

- In order to clean and organize the dataset, we found several inconsistencies which are important to understand better the dataset considering concepts of open data.

## Next steps

- Continue to develop and improve the package [ComitesBaciaSP](https://beatrizmilz.github.io/ComitesBaciaSP/).

- Expand the analysis to contemplate more [Principles of Open Government Data](https://opengovdata.io/2014/8-principles/).

- Study the corpus with qualitative data analysis. (1)

* (1) Not in the scope of the ongoing research.

---
class: bib
# References

BRASIL. 1997. “LEI nº 9.433, DE 8 DE JANEIRO DE 1997.” http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L9433.htm

DAEE. 2013. “Macrometrópole - Sumário Executivo - Plano Diretor de Aproveitamento de Recursos Hídricos Para a Macrometrópole Paulista.” http://www.daee.sp.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1112:plano-diretor-de-aproveitamento-dos-recursos-hidricos-para-a-macrometropole-paulista.

EMPLASA. 2017. “Macrometrópole Paulista”. https://www.emplasa.sp.gov.br/MMP.

R Core Team. 2019. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.

Sao Paulo State. 2020. “Portal SIGRH - Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Do Estado de São Paulo.” http://www.sigrh.sp.gov.br/.

Silge, Julia. Robinson, David.   Text Mining with R. 1. ed. O’Reilly, 2017.  https://www.tidytextmining.com/

Tauberer, Joshua. 2014. Open Government Data: The Book. 2nd ed. https://opengovdata.io/2014/8-principles/.

Wickham, Hadley, Mara Averick, Jennifer Bryan, Winston Chang, Lucy D’Agostino McGowan, Romain François, Garrett Grolemund, et al. 2019. “Welcome to the tidyverse.” Journal of Open Source Software 4 (43): 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686.

---
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## Acknowledgments

This research is contemplated by the FAPESP postgraduate scholarship nº 2018/23771-6, and FAPESP Thematic Project  nº 2015/03804-9.

We also thank for the help:  [Amauri Polacchi](http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K8273692Y0), [Angélica Custódio](https://www.linkedin.com/in/angelicacustodio/?originalSubdomain=br), [Athos Damiani](https://github.com/Athospd), [Bruna Wundervald](https://brunaw.com/), [Caio Lente](https://lente.dev/), [Daniel Falbel](http://dfalbel.github.io/), [Igor Matheus Santana Chaves](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3833-9301), [José de Jesus Filho](https://github.com/jjesusfilho),  [Lidiane Alonso Paixão dos Anjos](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-0987), [Julio Trecenti](https://github.com/jtrecenti).

## Thank you!

Beatriz Milz: <a href='mailto:beatriz.milz@usp.br'> beatriz.milz@usp.br</a> / <a href='https://twitter.com/BeaMilz'> @BeaMilz</a> / <a href='https://github.com/beatrizmilz'> beatrizmilz</a>

Pedro Jacobi: <a href='mailto:prjacobi@gmail.com'> prjacobi@gmail.com</a>

Presentation made with <a href='https://www.r-project.org/'></a> and the packages [**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan) and [**xaringanthemer**](https://pkg.garrickadenbuie.com/xaringanthemer/).